What functions do independent agencies typically have?

Independent agencies typically have quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial functions, which means they are empowered to create regulations that have the force of law and to make decisions in disputes that arise under those regulations. These agencies can develop rules that govern specific areas, such as environmental protection, securities regulation, or public health, which are then enforced through their respective regulatory frameworks.

The quasi-legislative function allows these agencies to fill in the details of legislation passed by Congress, often addressing complex, technical issues that the legislative body may not adequately cover. For instance, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issues regulations based on broad environmental legislation, like the Clean Air Act.

On the quasi-judicial side, independent agencies can conduct hearings and make rulings on cases involving violations of their regulations. This might involve adjudicating disputes between regulated entities or between agencies and the public. For example, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) adjudicates disputes involving labor practices.

In contrast, the other options focus on functions that do not fully capture the comprehensive roles of independent agencies. While investigative functions may be part of their operations, they do not solely operate in that capacity. Advisory and supervisory functions are typically roles that might be seen in different contexts and do