Independent agencies are subject to the same type of judicial review as which entities?

Independent agencies are unique in their structure and function within the federal government, and it is crucial to understand the scope of their judicial review. Unlike executive agencies, independent agencies have been designed to operate with a degree of insulation from direct presidential control, which also influences how they are subject to judicial review.

Typically, independent agencies operate with greater autonomy, governed by specific statutes that delineate their powers and review mechanisms. The judicial review they are subject to often derives from the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), allowing courts to review final agency actions and determine if they comply with statutory and procedural requirements. However, independent agencies often possess unique statutory frameworks leading to a divergence in how their actions are reviewed compared to executive agencies or federal courts.

Thus, while independent agencies are subject to judicial review, they function under a distinct set of guidelines that separates them from the direct oversight faced by executive agencies. This complexity highlights why the correct choice, indicating that independent agencies are not subject to the same type of judicial review as executive agencies, resonates with their operational structure.